Determination of the quantity and density and transparency of urine in the analysis

What is daily diuresis

Daily diuresis in adults and children is the volume of urine excreted per day. This indicator reflects the functioning of the kidneys and provides indirect information about the condition of the heart, liver, and endocrine system. The rates of fluctuations in diuresis in adults depend on:

• amount of liquid drunk;
• nature of nutrition;
• ambient temperature.

The definition of urinary output also includes the number of urinations during the day and at night. When examining urine, its density is determined, which indicates the capacity of the kidneys. A type of study is the Zimnitsky analysis, hourly diuresis.

Methods for determining diuresis

Diuresis is determined by collecting urine samples. The main indicator is the total volume of urine compared with the norm of urination.

To understand how much urine a particular person produces, the doctor prescribes a urine test for a certain period (24 hours, 12 hours). The study also takes into account other indicators:

• presence of sediment, mucus or blood in the urine;
• smell;
• consistency.

All these characteristics are important when assessing diuresis. They more fully reveal the process of formation and excretion of urine.

Table of urinary excretion indicators for men and women

For daily diuresis, the norms fluctuate slightly. In adult men and women the rate is almost the same; in children it varies by age.

Hourly diuresis varies depending on physical activity and diet. Until 3-4 o'clock in the afternoon it is higher than in the evening.

How many times is it normal to write a day?

The number of urinations depends on diet and age: from 4 to 25 times per day.
The number of urinations per day is different for each age. It changes under different ambient temperature conditions and other external indicators. The ratio of daytime and nighttime diuresis is important, because if the patient does not urinate during the day, but urine is often excreted at night, then this is also not normal. The table shows how many times a day a healthy person urinates.

It is important to take into account that in a pregnant woman these norms may increase slightly, and the number of urinations per day may be greater. This is also considered quite natural. The above number of trips to the toilet is normal under the following conditions:

• human body temperature indicators are within 36.2-36.9 degrees;
• the air around is no more than 30 degrees;
• water consumed within 40 ml per kg of weight, in infants and infants this figure may be higher;
• did not take diuretics, rosehip decoction, or green tea;
• There is no shortness of breath or rapid breathing.

At night, it is considered normal if a person gets up little by little once. If the indicators are underestimated or overestimated, then the daily amount of urine is checked. If it is abnormal, and additional pathological signs are present, then you should consult a doctor who will help determine the source of the disorder.

Symptoms of increased daily diuresis

Diuresis normally ranges from 1 to 1.5 liters per day, depending on the characteristics of the body. An increase or change in it indicates ongoing pathological processes. There are the following types of disturbances in daily diuresis in adults:

• polyuria - the volume of urine excreted is more than two liters;
• oliguria - the volume of urine excreted is less than 500 ml;
• nocturia - most of the urine is released at night;
• anuria - a person excretes less than 50 ml of urine per day.

An increase in daily urination is accompanied by frequent urination and a large volume of urine per urination. Depending on the underlying disease, a person feels pain in the lumbar region, thirst, and dry mouth.

Oliguria is characterized by infrequent urination with a small amount of urine. Abdominal and back pain, swelling, nausea, and headaches are observed.

Anuria is a serious condition that is accompanied by the accumulation of toxins in the blood, leading to the development of coma.

Features in men

Such deviations may be influenced by physical and pathological causes. A new diet and drinking plenty of water can cause frequent urges that are not accompanied by negative sensations. Even alcoholic drinks force you to visit the toilet a little more often. But there are cases when the problem is caused by pathologies:

1. BPH . A benign neoplasm appears in the prostate, which has a strong effect on the drainage of biological fluid. The pressure of urine becomes weaker, it is not completely removed from the urea, and incontinence occurs at night.
2. Prostatitis . An inflammatory process of an infectious nature, which causes severe discomfort in the groin area.
3. Pyelonephritis . Inflammation of the paired organ, accompanied by discomfort and pain at the end of urine output.

Urethritis can make urine output more frequent. Severe pain occurs and the normal outflow of biofluids is disrupted. And if blood is detected in the urine, you should immediately seek medical help.

Physiological factors can be eliminated by maintaining proper nutrition.

Reasons for increased daily diuresis

Fluctuations in urinary output are not an independent disease. This is a symptom that is observed in diseases of the kidneys, liver, heart, diabetes and some infections.

Polyuria is observed with:

• reduction of edema;
• diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus;
• in the second period of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

Physiological polyuria is observed with excessive fluid intake and diuretic medications. For pregnant women, slight polyuria is normal.

Oliguria and anuria occur with blood loss, vomiting, acute kidney inflammation, and renal failure.

Daytime diuresis should prevail over nighttime. If there is an inverse ratio, this indicates kidney damage.

Diuresis disorders

A person should eliminate approximately 75% of the liquid he drinks per day. A decrease in its volume, as well as excessive secretion, indicate problems in the functioning of the body.

Causes of low daily urine volume

A reduction in diuresis is indicated as follows:

• Oliguria – slowing down the process of urine excretion (up to 400 ml per day). Observed in cases of nephritis, kidney or heart failure, dehydration, severe blood loss, urolithiasis.
• Anuria is the complete absence of urine in the bladder. It can be caused by severe nephritis, meningitis, shock, obstruction of the urinary tract, poisoning, and inflammation of the peritoneum.

Why is urine output exceeded?

An increase in daily diuresis is called “polyuria” (2-3 liters of urine per day). It can be healthy and pathological. In the first case, polyuria may be a consequence of drinking large volumes of water or taking diuretic products (for example, watermelon). This condition is considered normal and does not require special attention. Diuresis will return to normal values ​​on its own.

Also, the volume of diuresis increases in some diseases:

• diabetes;
• swelling;
• urinary tract infections;
• Conn's syndrome;
• nervous system disorders;
• taking diuretics and glycosides;
• acute renal failure.

Self-medication can be harmful to human health. If you show signs of illness or suspect it, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Indications for the study of daily diuresis

Determination of diuresis in adults is indicated if the following diseases are suspected:

• diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus;
• infections with kidney damage;
• glomerulonephritis;
• renal failure;
• heart failure;
• cirrhosis of the liver.

The main symptoms indicating a urinary disorder: weakness, increased fatigue, nausea, dry mouth, thirst, headaches. These are signs of fluid retention, intoxication of the body with metabolic products.

Urinary control is constantly carried out in people with decompensated diseases of the heart, liver and kidneys. Determination of hourly and daily diuresis is shown. In adults with chronic pathologies, daily diuresis does not return to normal on its own; it needs to be supported with medications, diet, and daily routine.

Diuresis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, a large amount of water can accumulate in the body, which causes weight gain, swelling of the lower extremities, and fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, it is important to know how much urine should be produced per day during gestation.

Normal urine output in women during pregnancy can vary from 60 to 80% of the fluid drunk.

To calculate the amount of urine excreted during the day, the potential mother must fill out a table in which she must enter the volume of fluid drunk and excreted.

The obtained indicators allow the doctor to identify the presence of pathology and prescribe the necessary therapy. You should not self-medicate, since pregnant women may be prescribed various medications to normalize diuresis, depending on the cause of the deviation.

Measuring daily diuresis during gestation is not mandatory; it is carried out if internal edema or the risk of preeclampsia is suspected.

How is daily diuresis determined?

The rate of daily diuresis is determined by comparing the fluid drunk and excreted. ¾ of the liquid you drink is excreted. If an adult drinks 3 liters of water per day, then he should excrete 2 liters of urine. And this will not be a pathology. If an adult drank 3 liters, but excreted the same amount, more or less, this is already a deviation.

Urine analysis for daily diuresis

To collect urine, an adult will need a three-liter container. In the morning you should urinate in the toilet and collect all subsequent portions. All day you need to record the amount of fluid you drink, then compare this figure with the volume of urine excreted.

Another way to determine the norm of daily diuresis is a urine test according to Zimnitsky. Here, not only the total volume of urine of an adult is determined, but also the hourly volume of urine. During the day, urine is collected every three hours, and eight labeled jars are given for analysis. The collection begins at 6 a.m., the adult empties into the toilet. All subsequent portions are collected in containers according to the time indicated on them. If there was no urination for some period, the jar is left empty.

Determination of hourly urination is carried out in intensive care patients. This is an important indicator of kidney function. The development of anuria is an unfavorable prognostic sign.

Types of diuresis

Based on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of osmotic substances (OS) contained in urine, we speak of the following types of diuresis:

• Osmotic . An increase in the rate of urine excretion due to exceeded RH. A large amount of active substances enters urine. A similar thing is observed in diabetics.
• Antidiuresis . Reduced rate of urine with a high concentration of organic matter in its composition. Antidiuresis is observed in people who have undergone abdominal surgery.
• Water . Excessive urine volume against the background of low OM composition. Manifests itself as a result of drinking a large number of drinks, with alcoholism.

In pathologies, the volume of fluid excreted changes significantly:

• Polyuria. Exceeding the established norm of excreted urine. Over the course of a day, its volume increases to three liters. Polyuria is associated with diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
• Oliguria. It is diagnosed when the count of urine excreted during the day shows a value of up to 500 ml. The main factors in the manifestation of oliguria are physiological processes (increased sweating and drinking a small amount of water), less often it manifests itself at elevated body temperature and bleeding.
• Anuria. When up to 50 ml of fluid is released per day, anuria is diagnosed. A small amount of urine output may be associated with kidney disease. Ishuria. Urine enters the bladder but is not expelled. Immediate insertion of a catheter into the bladder is required. Ischuria is observed in men with prostate problems.

Interpretation of urine test results for daily diuresis

When determining the norm of diuresis, the following criteria are taken into account:

• the total volume of daily urine is 1-1.5 liters;
• the amount of urine excreted is ¾ of the liquid drunk;
• predominance of daytime urination over nighttime urination.

Increased amount of urine - polyuria. Decreased - oliguria or anuria. The predominance of nocturnal diuresis is nocturia.

Additionally, the density of urine is determined; it should be 1010-1012. If this number is higher, the urine density is low. If the number is lower, the urine density is high. This indicates a violation of the concentration function of the kidneys.

What can affect the analysis result?

The amount of urine that is released per day can be influenced by certain factors.

The patient is recommended to keep a diary in which he will monitor the amount of fluid he drinks.

In particular, you can mark food and medicine in it.

During the test period, you should avoid eating diuretic products, pickles, and spicy foods.

Any medications that cannot be stopped should be discussed with your doctor.

It is worth noting the time you take medications in your diary, this will help avoid false indicators.

How to bring daily diuresis back to normal

The main way to restore urination is to treat the disease that caused the disturbance. For diabetes mellitus, this means constant use of insulin or other glucose-lowering drugs. Patients with diabetes should adhere to special diet No. 9. For diabetes insipidus, antidiuretic hormone is prescribed.

Infectious diseases accompanied by kidney damage are treated with antiviral agents or antibiotics. For glomerulonephritis, steroid and anti-inflammatory drugs are indicated. Liver cirrhosis is treated taking into account the pathology that caused it. If it is viral hepatitis, antiviral drugs are prescribed. Toxic cirrhosis is treated with hepatoprotectors and detoxification agents. Avoidance of alcohol is strictly required.

There is no need to restore physiological polyuria. It is associated with increased fluid consumption and normalizes on its own when returning to the usual drinking regimen.

Features in women

The main reason is acute cystitis. Urethritis is somewhat less common. As the main problems, we can add infectious diseases of the reproductive system - gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia. If urination has not returned to normal within two days, you should consult a doctor.

Why does pregnant women urinate more often?

The initial period may increase the number of urine output processes, which is the first sign of pregnancy. During this period, the work of the bladder is restructured, because the uterus increases in size and puts pressure on it.

Diet No. 9

The main disease leading to polyuria is diabetes mellitus. Patients with this disease must follow a special diet. It is needed to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and reduce blood sugar. Basic principles of the diet:

• quickly digestible carbohydrates;
• animal fats;
• protein;
• exclusion of sugar, sweets;
• exclusion of broths;
• salt restriction.

Diet (table) No. 9
Dishes are steamed, boiled, stewed, baked. Sugar is replaced with xylitol or sorbitol. Lean fish, seafood, cottage cheese, vegetables and fruits should prevail. Baked goods, bread - made from bran, wholemeal flour. Daily diuresis is an important study that provides information about the condition of the kidneys, liver, and heart. It is used to identify diseases, as well as to control chronic pathologies.

Daily indicators in pregnant women

In women who are pregnant, the kidneys are forced to work with additional load to ensure the normal functioning of the body of the expectant mother and the developing child. Daily urine output during pregnancy is usually calculated depending on the fluid consumed. The norm is to excrete 60 to 80% of the water consumed.

If a woman drinks a lot of liquid every day, but the amount of urine released is much less, then you should pay attention to the appearance of such alarming symptoms as rapid gain of excess body weight, the formation of edema of the lower extremities, an increase in the volume of the abdomen, which, according to the stage of pregnancy, should have less volumes (such a pathology is characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the abdominal cavity and the development of a complication called ascites).

Excessively frequent urination with the release of large portions of urine in relation to the volume of water drunk is also considered a deviation from the norm and can threaten the normal course of pregnancy. To control the amount of urine per day, a woman must have a special diary or table in which data on the amount of liquid consumed and urine excreted is entered daily. This will make it possible to independently determine how much urine has left the body over the last 24 hours as a percentage of the volume of water drunk.

The minimum amount of urine excreted per day in an adult is 500 milliliters. This volume is sufficient to maintain normal functioning of the kidneys, and to remove harmful compounds that appear during metabolism from the bloodstream.